Laminar FlowThe resistance to flow in a liquid can be characterized in terms of the viscosity of the fluid if the flow is smooth. In the case of a moving plate in a liquid, it is found that there is a layer or lamina which moves with the plate, and a layer which is essentially stationary if it is next to a stationary plate. There is a gradient of velocity as you move from the stationary to the moving plate, and the liquid tends to move in layers with successively higher speed. This is called laminar flow, or sometimes "streamlined" flow. Viscous resistance to flow can be modeled for laminar flow, but if the lamina break up into turbulence, it is very difficult to characterize the fluid flow.
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ViscosityThe resistance to flow of a fluid and the resistance to the movement of an object through a fluid are usually stated in terms of the viscosity of the fluid. Experimentally, under conditions of laminar flow, the force required to move a plate at constant speed against the resistance of a fluid is proportional to the area of the plate and to the velocity gradient perpendicular to the plate. The constant of proportionality is called the viscosity .
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Flow Resistance for a Tube
where vm is the maximum flow velocity at the center of the tube. The resistance denoted by the script R can be calculated from: Stated in terms of a viscous resistance force, |
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Fluid Velocity ProfileUnder conditions of laminar flow in a viscous fluid, the velocity increases toward the center of a tube. The velocity profile as a function of radius is
and the summing of the contributions gives flow
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Effective Fluid Speed in a TubeIn order to get the net resistance to flow for laminar fluid flow through a tube, one must account for the fact that different lamina of the flow travel at different speeds and encounter different resistances. The volume flowrate can be generally expressed by but the effective velocity is not a simple average because of the nonlinear velocity profile. The total volume flowrate can be calculated by integration of the flow of the successive lamina. |
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